Heroism Definition Essay Essay

When asked to describe what a hero is, more often than not people would use movie characters such as The Amazing Spider ­Man, Superman, Batman, or Captain America to provide examples of what best reflects the character traits of a hero. By definition, a hero is a person who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. This being said, these movie characters are very good examples of a hero. However, heroes can also be found among everyday people such as you and me. Being a hero involves risk and it is initiated without the expectation of any material gain. In the book Grendel by John Gardner, Beowulf is the ultimate hero to the Geats because he is selfless in character and goes out of the way to serve the needs of others. The ultimate hero is a person who leads by example and puts the needs of others before his or hers, no matter the cost. The most heroic person in my life is my mother. She does not give me everything in the world, but she gives me what I need and that is enough. She leads by example and has taught me how to be content with who I am and the things that I have, and to make the most of each opportunity I am given. Without her guiding me throughout my life, I fear that I would be helpless and would not truly value the gift of life.

Female feticide Essay

Female feticide is one of the biggest challenges that India is facing today in terms of gender. It has become a significant social phenomenon. It transcends all barriers of caste, class and community and even the north-south dichotomy. The World Economic Forum’s annual Global Gender Gap report for the year 2007 has shown India at a dismal 120th position. The gender gap report looks at the disparities in terms of health, education, economic status and political participation between men and women. India is facing the toughest test when it comes to bridging the existing disparities. If we consider the gender gap alone, then the biggest challenge that India faces today is of female feticide. Sex selective abortions and increase in the number of female infanticide cases have become a significant social phenomenon in several parts of India. It would be wrong to say that the government is doing nothing, but the problem is that sometimes even the government becomes helpless. If the p eople are not ready to change their mentality despite being educated, then ‘we’ are to be blamed. Any progress toward halting infanticide has been foiled by the rise in sex-selective abortions. One thing which is clear is that laws can be enacted but whether we follow the law is up to us. Our government frames one law at a time and there are several people ready to break it. The other form of killing a girl child is infanticide – intentional act of killing a female within one year of her birth. This has led to an escalating gap in the sex ratio. The ratio among children up to the age of six was 962 girls per 1,000 boys in 1981, but twenty years later, the inequity had worsened: 927 girls per 1,000 boys. This ratio is amongst the most imbalanced in the world. The local, religious and social customs have also added fuel to the fire. India is still a largely feudal and patriarchal society. In many parts of our country (especially in UP, Bihar, Rajasthan, Haryana, Tamilnadu and Punjab), women are viewed as an economic liability despite contributing in several ways to our society and economy. Women in India are victims of the patriarchal ideology that oppresses them. The most disturbing factor is the fact that sex selective abortion is prevalent even amongst the educated class. We need to understand the gravity of this problem before it is too late. There are numerous reasons behind this and mostly are social evils such as dowry system and lack of education and rights for women in India. The government can just provide few more schemes such as literacy programmes for females.

African American Studies Essay

The three topics I have picked for this reaction paper are â€Å"Hurricane Katrina, The Bombing Of Black Wall Street And Gangs†. I’ve picked these topics because I believe that to this day everything is still about being in control, racism and a touch of slavery which leads to gangs. Hurricane Karina: was the costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States. Most notable in media coverage were the catastrophic effects on the city of New Orleans, La. , and coastal Mississippi. Criticism of the federal, state and local governments’ reaction to the storm was widespread. The bombing of Black Wall Street: community was the sight of a happy, affluent Black community but was too much for angry, jealous Whites in Tulsa, Okla. , in 1921, a false rumor was enough to spark a mass riot that left hundreds of African Americans dead, and a swath of black homes and business burned to the ground. The saddest fact associated with this historic atrocity is that the U. S government and local media were complicit in the death and destruction. Gangs: the word â€Å"gang† comes from â€Å"gonge† a term meaning a journey, but later referring to a â€Å"gonge† of sailors in the fifteenth century. Gangs originally began in the 1800’s which meant kids of the street. But US had other predecessors than unsupervised street urchins. There were four kinds of gangs which were predecessors of the street gangs of today 1. Secret Societies, 2. Gangs of outlaws and in the Wild West, 3. Racist like the Ku Klux Klan, and 4. â€Å"Voting Gangs† tied mainly to the Democratic Party in large cities. Many gangs if armed men were racially mortivated. Racial tensions in the cities like New York were constant, and racist conflict was almost everywhere more violent than nativism.. On May 31. 921 a nineteen year old Black male accidentally stumbled on a bumpy elevator and bumped into a seventeen year old White elevator operator who screamed. The frightened young man was seen running from the elevator by a group of Whites and by the afternoon the â€Å"Tulsa Tribune† reported that the girl had been raped. Despite the girl’s denial of any wrong doing, the young man was arrested and a large mob of 2000 White men came to the jail to lynch the prisoner. With a defenseless Black community before them, the white mob advanced to the greenwood district where they first looted and then burned down all Black business, homes, and churches. Any black resisters were shot and thrown in fires. That’s how it became â€Å"The Bombing of Black Wall Street†. It all comes to what’s going on now with, if you are in a gang you can’t go in one neighborhood if you are not affiliated with that neighborhood gang, just like back in then when blacks wasn’t allowed in white people areas or if blacks were allowed, they were segregated. After the Tulsa riot, White inhabitants tried to buy the Black property and force the Black people out of town. No Tulsa bank or leading institution would make loans in the riot-marred Greenwood district, and the city refused all outside assistance. However, racial pride and self determination would not permit the Greenwood owners to sell. Since African Americans could neither live among Whites as equals nor patronize White business in Tulsa, Blacks had to develop a completely separate business and community, which soon became prosperous and legendary. Black dollars invested in black community also produced self-pride, self –sufficiency, and self-determination.

Transport report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Transport report - Essay Example Two core participants in the multimodal supply are identified as the management (logistic department) and the multimodal transporter chain have been discussed in details. Each of these key players is seen to have very distinct and elaborate functions to play in making multimodal supply chain a success. Lastly he benefits of using multimodal supply chains are discussed. For the purpose of description Oakley Oil Company based in U.K. has been used. A supply chain is made up of all parties concerned, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a buyer request to either supply goods or provide a certain service. The parties involved include retailers, customers and transporters. Within each supply chain, transport plays a key role of receiving and delivering a customer’s request. A warehouse’s transport means may either be by air, road, water or rail or a combination of any 2 or 3 thus a multi-modal transport chain supply. In other supply chain’s transport systems, customers order are supplied using a single means thus a uni-modal transport supply chain (â€Å"About Dept to Equity Ratio†, 2012). A customer who places an off shore order will be most likely supplied with a multi-modal transport supply chain. A multi-modal supply system is largely used by multi-national companies; however, other established companies though not multi-national may use it. To the contrary, uni-modal transport supply chains large ly serve local purchase orders because there may not be transit over vast distances. In addition, uni-modal transport supply chains chiefly serve domestic markets while, multi-modal transport supply chain, serves foreign market of exports and imports. Uni-modal transport supply chains, though, they have a number of limitations, they should be appreciated for a number of reasons. First, they help meet limited supplies of goods which cannot be economical to the multi-transport supply chains, for example Oakley Oil Company supplies motels far distances from it

Shaft design features Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shaft design features - Lab Report Example There are different designs of shafts made each day for specific machines, but most of them will not lack the identified features (Shingley, 2006). Keyway: This is a part of a system in a shaft known as a keyed joint. It comprises of the key, the key seat and the keyway. The key is used for connecting the shaft to the rotating machine and preventing relative rotation between the two. For the key to function, the rotating machine and the shaft must have a key seat and a keyway, which are the pocket and the slot in which the key fits in. Designers argue that the keyway weakens the torsional strength of the shaft since it is mostly on one side of the shaft and has sharp corners. Retaining rings: These are used during the assembling of a machine in joining the elements. They are precision engineered components applied on shafts and bores to provide a shoulder for the positioning, locating and retaining the other parts of the machine to the shaft. The two major types of retaining rings are the internal and the external retaining rings. The internal retaining rings are the rings for bores since the ring fits inside of a hole or bore. The external retaining rings are the ones for shafts since they are installed on the outside part of the shaft. The rings could be installed in axial installation, which is along the axis of the shaft or radial installation, which offers quicker assembly processes and larger clearance diameters as compared to the former. Bearings: These machine elements allow the components of a certain machine to move with respect to each other. Bearings could be found in small machines like watches and also in big machines such as skyscrapers, allowing them to move in case of an earthquake. The bearings are very important elements as without them, all machines would grind to a halt. They could either be contact or non-contact. Contact type

Reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading - Essay Example Additionally, individuals treat the disabled and homeless in society with compassion while they can offer them job opportunities that give them the chance to buy the food themselves (OBrien 56). This essay asserts that the disabled and homeless in society should be treated with respect and compassion in society by giving them equal opportunities in various sectors including the job market owing to the fact that they can give an equal contribution in society if they are granted equal opportunities. The American Disability Act (ADA) is an all-inclusive federal civil rights decree that protects the rights of the individuals with disabilities. It influences various sectors including state and local government programs, employment, public services including transportation and access to places of public accommodation such as businesses, restaurants and other places of public accommodation (Fielder 67). The act was enacted in 1990 following continued existence of unnecessary and unfair prejudice that denied people with various disabilities the chance to compete on an equal platform with normal individuals (Colker 67). There were proposed changes on the act that were effected in 2009 after the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA) was signed into law. In the article ‘Homeless’, Anna Quindlen gives a different view on homelessness. She describes her encounter with a homeless woman. The woman produces a number of pictures of a house showing that she had a home (Quindlen). However, the woman was wearing a raincoat with creases on it. This shows that at some in life, the woman had a home and her life was in order. Generally, the article discusses the plight of the homeless in society. The homeless should be treated with dignity and given the required help to get on their feet. The homeless lack a permanent residence owing to the fact that there are limited shelters. A recent research

Switzerland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Switzerland - Essay Example Switzerland also has ground water reserves and also has a significant number of lakes that are spread across the Swiss areas. Switzerland has a limited percentage of mineral resources, but the Swiss population, mostly majors in crop production and other forms of farming. This means that the Swiss soil is robust because of soil variation and relief rainfall makes a significant part of the country to be useful in cultivation and the rest for mountain pasture. Some of the minerals mined in Switzerland include iron and manganese whose heavy deposits are in Jura while the country also does not have coal deposits. One of the major challenges that Switzerland faces is that building land is not adequate, but the country focuses on more on retaining the appearances of the already established villages and towns. A majority of the Swiss population, a third live in the urban regions of the country that include Zurich, Bern, Lausanne, Basel and Geneva because of the favourable infrastructure that exists in these cities. Essentially, people move from the mountainous regions and into the cities in search of work opportun ities, but also a significant fraction of the population also lives in the mountain covered regions. Switzerland’s environment is also characterized by melting glaciers, especially with the global challenge of global warming making the regions in the mountain to be extremely dangerous to live in. However, the central plateau is also characterized by a high population in which people in this area compete in what activities they should engage in because of the limited space. Switzerland is also the home and the headquarters of the International Red Cross community that are located in Geneva that was founded in 1866 in Bern in the same country. The Old Swiss Confederacy experienced a period of unrest that included the areas of social, political, and religious aspects, but the French

Paul Cezannes Modulated Primitivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Paul Cezannes Modulated Primitivism - Essay Example The essay "Paul Cezanne’s Modulated Primitivism" discovers the art of Paul Cezanne and the Primitivism. Although living during the period of the impressionists, he went beyond their paradigms to create what he called â€Å"something more solid and durable, like the art of the museums.'' Cezanne professed his ideas on primitivism when he wrote: "Primary force alone, id est temperament, can bring a person to the end he must attain." He expresses this with emphasis on attainability of the primitive and basic in nature. Some define the primitive as a starting point rather than a point beyond what is now known to exist in culture and tradition. It anchors itself on the basic and concrete grounds for existence. His unique style can be given basis through the works of Gauguin who focused on a form of primitivism in his art, depicting life as it was in nineteenth century Tahiti. To gain a better understanding of Cezanne’s form of primitivism, modulated primitivism as it was. I t is important to understand the concept and its context during the artist’s lifetime. In this regard, Gauguin’s works would provide an ideal basis in explaining the works of Paul Cezanne. Primitivism is an ancient concept which can be distinguished as chronological primitivism and cultural primitivism. Both concepts are positive with the one engaged with the philosophy of history and period of time in the local culture when the when the best situation of human life might have happened; and the other dealing the discontent of contemporary society. with civilisation, and stipulating that simplicity (often exemplified by a distant and separate culture because civilised men do not call themselves primitive) are more desirable than what exists in the present. These concepts reached their height during the eighteenth century with large followings on the nobility of the savage. Writings by Rousseau in France and Herder in Germany made the concept of the noble savage popular in Europe during this period. It was in the nineteenth century that the utopian ideas of this concept wee tainted by the expansion for empire and subsequent missionary works. The positive connotations of primitivism were replaced by the ideas of "barbaric" and "savage". The nobility ensconced in the literary concept of the noble savage was expunged and replaced by the image of real savages which was less desirable and more to be feared. Missionaries capitalised on the paganism, violence and vices of their new native wards and potential converts. These negative traits were highlighted by both Protestant and Catholic missionaries alike. The death of missionary John Williams in 1839 further tainted the image associated with native populations. In 1843, an engraving that was printed in the Illustrated London News showed Polynesians in the midst of an unspeakable and idolatrous religious ceremony. The Polynesians were a new addition to the French colonies and William Vaughan commented that their diet of rats was perhaps "a mindless imitation of their frog-eating masters." Thus began the classification that primitive peoples not merely as separate from, but are of a completely different species from the white man. These new representations illustrate them as having a completely different path of development from their more superior European counterparts. In the 1840s, the Natural History of Society written by William Cook Taylor stipulated that white society was in constant struggle to return to perfection, while primitive cultures were taking the opposite direction towards

How is the veil portrayed in Western Media Essay

How is the veil portrayed in Western Media - Essay Example People are surrounded by time, culture, environment and the society, which can turn out the formation of many opinions about an issue that we face in everyday society. One of most controversial topics regards to Islam is the Veil. In the past twenty to thirty years Hijab or the veil has been widely recognized as a symbol of the Muslim woman in the western media. Many people want to know more about Islam and Muslim culture when they see a woman wearing a head scarf or a man with a full grown beard. Many generalizations and questions are formed in the minds of so many western non-Muslims in regards to the basic idea and concepts behind the veil through the influence of their western media. During the time of conflict between the "Islam" and "West", the media powerfully altered the minds of western non-Muslims by negative exploitation about Islam, Muslims, in particular about Muslim women. Misconceptions, like, if they are bald under the veil or if Muslim women sleep with their veils on , to the involvement of "terrorism" that contrasts to what Muslim women believe the veil represents. According to a CNN survey, Most Muslims come from lower middle class family backgrounds and their sole purpose for coming to America and living a good part of their lives away from their family is to make good money and send it back home. All the burden of the family is on their shoulders and they are the sole bread earners in the house. They just dont seem to be bothered by whatever is going around in the world as they are entangled in their daily routines. Usually these people are doing two or more than three jobs. They dont realize that by not clarifying things, they are digging a hole for themselves.(Shah, 2001) Muslims believe western media use the veil as a means to exploit Muslim women, and degrade them. According to them in west media assumes, that the action of just one Muslim is the

Printed Circuit Boards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Printed Circuit Boards - Essay Example Components can be connected on the PCB through conductive paths or etched copper wiring on a non-conductive substrate such as plastic. A PCB that has been assembled with such electronic components through appropriate connections is known as a Printed Circuit Assembly (PCA) (Khandpur, 2007). PCBs are relatively cheap and are known for their durability and reliability. While finding the material for the substrate and the conductive paths, much effort needs to be spent on defining a proper layout as well as the nature of the connections among various circuit elements. For example, a proper layout is necessary to accommodate all the required components and ensure proper connections among them to produce the desired output. Jawitz (2008) says that care needs to be taken when determining the type of connections (like point-to-point or wire wrap) besides ensuring that no unwanted contact is established due to crossing wires or faulty connections. Post this layout phase, production of PCAs i n high volumes is relatively easier and can be accomplished by an automated assembly line. The design and construction of PCBs is governed by a number of standards that are set and revised regularly by the Association Connecting Electronics Industries (IPC). PCBs, with the etched copper pathways, are insulated from any contact with dust or moisture (thereby avoiding undesired electrical connections and short circuits) using green-colored solder. Some PCBs are also coated with blue and red colored solder. In fact, Bosshart, 2003 says that the choice of the solder, technically a dielectric known for very high resistance and lack of electrical conduction, can vary depending on the purpose of the circuit being developed. Some of the popular and widely used dielectrics include FR-1, CEM and Teflon. The underlying substrate that makes up the flat-board can be made from a combination of cotton paper, polyester, epoxy and glass. Dimensional stability combined with lack of expansion on expos ure to heat qualifies these substances as highly suitable for PCB production. The average thickness of a PCB can range anywhere from 1 to 2mm (Montrose, 2009). Components can either be assembled on 1 side of the board or configured on both sides depending on requirements and space considerations. Types of PCBs PCBs come in many types based on a number of factors ranging from the number of sides utilized to the kind etching technology adopted for providing the interconnects. PCBs can also consist of multiple layers of the substrate and the interconnecting copper pathways and can thus be highly complex in construction. The following points describe some of the types into which most PCBs can be categorized. Single-sided PCBs These are the most basic type of PCBs and can be constructed even from a regular plastic board. A single sided PCB consists of electronic components soldered on one side while the pathways and interconnections are provided on the other side of the board. The term s ingle-side arises from this segregation among components and pathways and their restricted location to a single side of the PCB (Robertson, 2004). Single-sided PCBs have a number of deficiencies in terms of routing and circuit connections whereby no two wires can cross each other. Thus, single-sided PCBs may consumer more wire or copper for the necessary interconnects and are thus relatively resource intensive than other PDB types. As such, they are preferred for the construction of primitive circuits and cannot be used for developing advanced circuitry. Double-sided PCBs As the name suggests, these PCBs have the pathways etched on both sides of the board.

Hilton Case study Essay Example for Free

Hilton Case study Essay Problem: From the case, we know Hilton is currently using the marketing penetration by focusing on business travelers. And now the expensive loyalty-program features that are added by Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide Inc. for attracting more business travelers is threatening Hilton by increasing Hilton’s cost or decreasing Hilton’s market shares. Solution: In my opinion, in response to the Starwood’s strategy, the solution for Hilton’s dilemma should be market development which is developing new market from current products or services. Hilton can avoid increasing its cost by showing customers Hilton has more and better benefits. There are several reasons for this solution. Firstly, HHonors Program has been a good service program for Hilton. On the other hand, Starwood’s Preferred Guest announcement was a strategy to their less effective frequent-guest program. As it shown on the case, â€Å"they changed it every few years†. Secondly, it is risky to compete with them by increasing the cost and adding the features Starwood added. It is because the lower cost-effectiveness will hurt the profit of the whole hotel industry eventually. Also, if Hilton can have the same or more amount of business with lower costs compared to other competitors, Hilton earns more profits. The last but not the least, it is important to market and consolidate the Hilton brand nowadays. We need to let customers know how superior Hilton is than other hotels to attract and retain consumers. Implementation: For implementation, Hilton needs to realize its flashpoints and put more marketing efforts on them. Firstly, HHW’s program has a unique practice called Double Dipping which means customers can earn mileage in partner airline and also earn HHonors points. This flashpoint can not only attract customers but also better relationship with corporate clients. Double Dipping melts the conflict of competing with the airline’s program. Hilton can talk to partner airlines by sharing members and create a complemented program with them. Then, Hilton can advertise this program to more airlines by calling them. So Hilton can attract more customers through airlines without increasing advisement costs. Also, Hilton can increase the number and range of partners such as car rental firms and Cookies firms. This action will help customers attain their rewards easily and eventually will help Hilton get more customers. Thirdly, Hilton can franchise to more small hotels with comparable with lower loyalty- program cost than its competitors in order to increase the market share of Midmarket without FB segment which other big competitors don’t have. After that, Hilton can send an email to their current customers in their computer system by presenting the appreciation for being Hilton customers and introducing Double Dipping and other partners for customers to attain rewards earlier. Also, tell them they can get desirable points by having someone experience Hilton. Guest managers who are responsible for making the best customers feel special and satisfy their needs as perfect as possible can call upper-rank customers by introducing themselves.

Reading Strategies Essay Example for Free

Reading Strategies Essay Identify two reading goals, one short-term and one long-term. †¢Long-term reading goal: Read on a college level. †¢Short-term reading goal: Complete two reading workshops. Write a 100- to 150-word response to each of the following questions: †¢How do you currently approach the weekly readings in the course? I currently approach the reading in the course very cautiously. When reading any of the material in or out of class, I take my time. It is important to do so because by going to quick, there is a chance of missing some of the material. By reading slowly I can assure myself that I have better chance of taking in more information. Also by removing myself from any distractions, I can concentrate harder on the things that I am reading. Preparing for my reading sessions in advance helps to optimize my chance of greater concentration on my reading materials. †¢How might you incorporate three of the suggestions covered this week into your study time? By using the four steps in active reading, I can optimize how well I concentrate during my study time. By previewing my material, I can get a visual guide to anything I may not understand before reading the material. Marking my work as I go along will help with keeping me focused and concentrating. By using correct time management and can make sure nothing interferes with my study time as well. Also by choosing the correct study location will help to block out any distractions that may affect my study time. Using all of these helpful ways well help me in enhancing all of my study time. †¢How might this plan help you accomplish your reading goals? By using what I have learned so far, I have a much greater chance on accomplishing both of my reading goals. Using the four steps of active reading, and concentrating on all of my materials; it will help with my long term goal of reading on a college level. My short term goal was to complete two reading workshops. By choosing a quite study location, I will be able to concentrate harder on my work. Turning of cell phones and not using social media web sites will help as well. If I can optimize my study time and location, I will have a much greater chance of completing my short term goal of completing two workshops.

Exploring Premenstrual Syndrome in Criminal Law

Exploring Premenstrual Syndrome in Criminal Law Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) has played a part in the malady of a womens life for many years. The development of Biological Theories has made law enforcement, attorneys, and even society study the connection biology has with individuals, particularly women for this manuscript, who commit crime. With the research gathered and studies performed, the court system has yet to adopt PMS as a suitable reason for defense. Until further evaluations of PMS can be studied, the validity of the previous test results will more than likely be questioned when introduced in court and it will be less likely to be generally accepted. Biological Theory Analysis: Exploring Premenstrual Syndrome in Criminal Law Crime in America happens any and everywhere, all the time and there will always be a lawyer out there trying to get criminals a lesser punishment or no jail time for their crime. An individuals biology comes into question when attorneys are trying to build a defense against any type of criminal activity. Schmalleger (2007) states that Biology Theory is a theory that maintains the basic determinants of human behavior, including criminality, are constitutionally or physiologically based and often inherited. There are several aspects that biological theories cover; however, the focus of this manuscript will be on body chemistry. Body Chemistry is the category that Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) would be classified under. The definition of PMS will be examined, in depth and how it is connected to a womens life. Next, there will be a discussion on the symptoms that can occur in a womens body and further investigations on PMS cases that have been tried successfully. Furthermore, there will be a section addressing the opposing views of using PMS as a defense. Literature Review In order to discuss PMS, a definitive definition of this syndrome was needed. The definition was acquired from a known and highly recommended site called WebMD (20010) and this website has been providing informative information for many years. Along with the PMS definition, there was also a list of common symptoms that were provided that occurs when women are on their menstrual cycle. Cullen and Agnew (2006) essential readings have an article that was delivered by David Rowe and it discusses the biological theories of nature and the exposure to individuals physical counter parts. Schmalleger (2007) speaks about the many aspects of biological theories of crime causation and its many assumptions; along with the body type of criminals and its beginning stages of phrenology. Phrenology was first introduced in the 19th century and had the western world thinking more about the minds of criminals and punishment (Rafter, 2008). There has been some debate among professionals when addressing the disorder of PMS. Gallant, Popeil, Hoffman, Chakraborty, Hamilton (1992) have performed a study that showed no significant difference between women under the influence of PMS to women who were not. Despite this, there have been studies performed on the effects of other syndromes that have been connected to PMS. Gehlert, Song, Chang, Hartlage (2009) studied the prevalence of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) and the effects it has on women and Gallant, Popeil, Hoffman, Chakraborty, Hamilton (1992) have participated in daily studies to confirm Late Luteal Phase Dysphoric Disorder (LLPDD). Other research has been reviewed and compared to Dr. Katherina Dalton, an expert on PMS analysis and the effects that woman have while experiencing Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) symptoms. Downs (2002) researched the Culpability of the PMS defense and its evolvement into psychosis if not treated. Ostovich, and Sabini (2005) performed a study that compared men and women and the effects gender has when going through or reaching puberty in its final stages. Easteal (1991) discusses PMS in the courtroom and how the effects of PMS may cause automatism in certain women. There are sections that cover the controversy the disorder brings to women in society and its credibility issues men have about women and crime. Davidson (2000) explores several cases that have been tried in different judicial system and have had successful outcomes while trying to introduce a hormonal defense that connects PMS and postpartum psychosis. Discussion Biological Theory Biological Theories make several assumptions which include (1) the brain being an organ of the mind and the locus of personality, (2) the basic determinants of human behavior, include criminal tendencies, constitutionally or genetically based (3) observed gender features may be partially the result of biological differences between the sexes and racial groups, (4) much of human conduct is fundamentally rooted in instinctive behavior, (5) basic determinants of human behavior, include criminality, from generation to generation (inherited), (6) biological roots have become increasingly disguised, (7) some human is the result of biological propensities from developmental stages, and (8) interplay among heredity, biology, and the social environment provides the nexus for any realistic of crime causation (Schmalleger, 2006). With that being said, biological theories began being dissected into stages to focus on the brain. Franz Joseph Gall was one of the first criminal anthropologists that studied the human skull and that study was called Phrenology. Many followed after his discovery and Rafter (2008) developed a book that described a diagnosis of criminality and other abnormalities by studying the contours of the skull. Although the skull had a number of interesting assumptions, phrenology eventually phased itself out as one of the crucial theories in identifying biological connections in crime. In time, analyst such as David Rowe gathered data on certain aspects of research that focused on the chemical messages, or neurotransmitters that transmit signals between neurons in the brain, e.g., serotonin, and the hormones that help regulate such things as responding to stressors (Cullen, Agnew, 2006). PMS means what? PMS stands for Premenstrual Syndrome and the debate over using this ailment as an acceptable defense has been the topic of many argumentative discussions between professionals. WebMD (2010) defines PMS as the physical and psychological symptoms that occur in the week before a womens menstrual period. There are over 150 common symptoms of PMS that most women experience and they categorized into three parts: Physical, Emotional, and Behavioral. Some of PMS symptoms include leg and stomach cramping, abdominal bloating, pack pain, Acne, breast swelling, anxiety, dizzy spells, anger, crying, Libido changes, accident prone, social isolation, hysteria, headaches, depression, mood swings, fatigue, insomnia, and many others (Easteal, 1991). For most women these symptoms appear for a short period of time, usually a week before the menstrual period and they disappear during or right before the cycle begins. Late Luteal Phase Dysphoric Disorder The American Psychiatric Association (APA) began indentifying mental disorders of individuals and recording the data to one day create a manual that would assist medical professionals on how to classify certain syndromes by their symptoms. Late Luteal Phase Dysphoric Disorder (LLPDD) was developed to the DSM III-R to provide a systematic set of criteria for establishing a premenstrual mood disorder (Gallant, et. al., 1992). Some of the symptoms that women have to have include being sad, tearful, angry, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia, change in appetite, difficult concentrating as well as many other physical maladies. LLPDD was created so that professionals would be able to distinguish it from Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and diagnose criteria that included psychological disturbances that seriously interfered with work, ordinary social activities, relationships, and arise during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, ending within a few days of the onset of menstruation (Downs, 2002). Pr emenstrual Dsyphoric Disorder (PMDD) became the new name for LLPDD and the new studies aimed to determine the prevalence of PMDD using all four DSM-IV research diagnostic criteria (Gehlert, et., al., 2009). For the full diagnostic criteria of LLPDD, see Appendix A. PMS Based Defenses There have been cases as early as the late 1800s where a case of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) have been used in court. The cases used PMS as a opener for the suspect to eventually plead temporary insanity. Insanity has many variations of its clinical interpretation, however, this manuscript will utilize the WebMD (2010) definition, which states insanity as the lack of understanding or having the mental capacity to enter into a rational state of normal responsibility. In the United States (US) two fundamental requirements are common to test for when determining insanity. The two fundamental elements are: (1) the defendant must suffer from a mental disease or defect, and (2) a casual relationship must exist between the disease or defect and the criminal offense (Downs, 2002). There is a defense that the US has recognized that is somewhat similar to an insanity plea and it is called automatism. Those who have studied insanity have connected the definition of automatism to insanity which states that individuals have an unconscious state of mind when committing a crime. Some researchers, such as Ostovich, Sabini (2005) have tried to link the beginning stages of puberty to account for some of the outburst of crime latter scene in women and men. The study explored the young adults first encounters with adult social and sexual behavior, attitudes, and work environment but the examination did not have enough evidence to support its claim. Another defense strategy is the diminished capacity (DC) diagnosis. Unlike automatism, a DC diagnosis is to focus on trying for a lesser sentence for the criminal act and not the conduct. If the defense handles the case with care and understanding, charges for heinous crimes will be reduced, which has been proven in several cases in England (Downs. 2002). Use in the Courtroom The studies that have been performed on women and their experiences with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) have evolved into PMS being used as a defense in criminal cases. Davidson (2000) devised a section in his research that takes a deeper look into PMS in the courtroom. The majority of these cases took place overseas and has people across the globe interested in how the system had derived at some of their conclusions. One of the most notorious cases involved a woman named Craddock. Craddock was a barmaid in 1980 and she had murdered one of her co-workers. Craddock had many other crimes under her belt and she possessed a diary that kept a record of her violent behavior. An expert on PMS, Dr. Katherina Dalton was asked to review Craddocks case and determine if PMS had played a part in her crime. Cradock was found guilty of manslaughter (based on a plea of diminished capacity) and not murder due to the experts testimony that PMS turned Craddock into a ranging lunatic. Later, a judge had further reduced her sentence by allowing Cradock to not receive any jail time but to be placed on probation and medical treatment of progesterone. Progesterone is one of the medications that has been given to women to alleviate some of their symptoms bring them back to some form of normalcy. In the following year, 1981, Craddock had changed her name to Smith and managed to stay out of trouble until her dosage of progesterone was reduced. Smith had threatened to kill herself and a police officer on two separate occasions. Smith was once again convicted of all charges and still not awarded prison time. In the case of Regina v. Smith, Smith received probation relying on Smiths PMS in mitigation. The first American case that used Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) as a defense occurred in People v. Santos in 1982. Santos was being charged of child battering. The case was resolved through a plea bargain because Santos admitted to beating her child at the pre-trial. However, Santos claims that she suffered a black out due to PMS. This information was presented by the defense to the judge who still decided to plea in favor of the defendant and the case ended with Santos getting probation. Controversy PMS being applied to criminal law has bought about some resistance from a variety of people. The groups with the most to say about this topic are feminist groups. Feminist groups have their beliefs on this matter and do not want to give off the wrong impression of being un sympathetic. PMS is a disorder that should be considered under the proper conditions, as long as it does not stereotype all women and is not used frivolously for the defendants or the attorneys amusement in criminal proceedings (Easteal, 1991). There is also the concern that men who are being charged with domestic abuse will start to take advantage of PMS and use it to their advantage. In other words, men can claim that their wife become so annoying that he had to do something to make her stop. The fear of society not understanding Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and not realizing that all women falter to the same symptoms is what makes this syndrome so controversial. Conclusion Premenstrual Syndrome is a disorder that affects many women physically and in some cases, mentally. Several cases have applied PMS to a criminal defense and have been successful but the success came attached with mitigation to some form of insanity and as we all know, insanity is difficult to prove, not a frequently used defense and almost always raises some kind of controversy (Davidson, 2000). If more research and funding can be applied to the study of biological theories and the connection it has to women and PMS, maybe the acceptance of PMS as a criminal defense will be taken more seriously.

Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay -- essays research papers

Defining a True Hero Is a hero the one who decides to stand up when everyone else is only thinking about it? Is a hero the one who retains integrity rather than give in to the world’s everyday temptations? Is a hero the picture of courage, or an example of morals? These are the questions that arise after reading the epic story of Beowulf by an anonymous author, and the romantic tale of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, also written by an anonymous author. The stories describe two very different heroes. Beowulf was undoubtedly a hero, but as time advanced and the world became more complicated, what constituted a hero became more shady; therefore, while he is not anything like Beowulf, Sir Gawain is also in fact a true hero. Beowulf is a hero. That is an undeniable fact. His heroic image stands out notably because Beowulf is what could be called an active hero while Sir Gawain plays the part of a passive hero, but still a hero nonetheless. Beowulf has one duty: he must fight and win. If he succeeds, he is a hero; if he fails he is simply a failure (except when he fails at defeating the dragon because he has already proved himself and goes with honor, which is different from initially failing). In the last lines of the story the author clearly acknowledges Beowulf’s overall triumph, "Telling stories of their dead king and his greatness, his glory, praising him for heroic deeds, for a life as noble as his name." Sir Gawain on the other hand ...

Investiture Controversy Essay -- Church, Pope Gregory VII

The ruler Otto controlled the church during his reign by making bishops and abbots royal princes and agents to him (425). The revival of the church however, began as the German empire weakened in the eleventh century (425). During this time, the Church declared its independence from the governments’ control by embracing a reform movement, The Cluny Reform Movement (425). The reform established at the Cluny monastary in France, aimed at â€Å"freeing the church from secular political influence and control† (425). The reformers were supported in their efforts by popular respect for the church as people admired clerics and monks (425). During this time, any man had the opportunity to become Pope; the Pope was supposed to be elected by the people and clergy of Rome (425). The church also promised a better life to peoples whose current was relatively harsh (425). The reformers condemned the state’s contemporary mixing of religions and secular institutions as well as t he clergy’s subservience to royal authority (425). They taught that the Pope alone commanded the clergy and they demanded separa...

The Atomic Bomb :: American America History

The Atomic Bomb Background of the Atomic Bomb It was during the Second World War that the United States became a world power, thanks in a large part to its monopoly on atomic weapons. The atomic bomb is a weapon with great explosive power that results form the sudden release of energy upon the splitting, or fission of the nuclei of such heavy elements as plutonium or uranium. This new destructive force wrecked havoc on two Japanese cities and caused the end of World War II. It also saved thousands of American lives because a ground invasion of Japan was no longer necessary. The decision to create the bombs was that of United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt under a secret military project that was called The Manhattan Project. The Beginnings of the Manhattan Project In 1939, after German dictator Adolf Hitler invaded Poland, German scientists shocked the scientific world when they announced that they had split uranium atoms by man-made means for the first time. Upon hearing this news, a nuclear physicist, Leo Szilard, was convinced that a chain reaction of this process could be used as a weapon to release an awesome burst of power. Szilard knew that this knowledge was now in the wrong hands of the enemy Germans. On a July day in 1939 Szilard and his associate, Edward Teller, drove to the Long Island home of Albert Einstein to alert him of their findings. Einstein used his political influence by immediately writing a letter to President Roosevelt explaining the consequences of the Germans creating an atomic bomb. His letter read, "I believe, therefore, that is my duty to bring to your attention that it may become possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium by which vast amounts of power and large quantities of new-like elements would be generated. A single bomb of this type, carried by a boat and exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port, together with some of the surrounding territory." Two months passed before Roosevelt finally read the letter. He ordered a committee of scientists and military officers to meet Szilard and Teller to determine whether America was capable of building a nuclear bomb. In 1940, Szilard and Teller were granted a mere $6,000 to begin experiments in nuclear fission. The duo enlisted the help of the winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1938, Enrico Fermi.

Ai in Optical Character Recognition

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines. AI textbooks define the field as â€Å"the study and design of intelligent agents† where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. In computer science, intelligent character recognition (ICR) is an advanced optical character recognition (OCR) or — rather more specific — handwriting recognition system that allows fonts and different styles of handwriting to be learned by a computer during processing to improve accuracy and recognition levels. Most ICR software has a self-learning system referred to as a neural network, which automatically updates the recognition database for new handwriting patterns. Because this process is involved in recognizing hand writing, accuracy levels may, in some circumstances, not be very good but can achieve 97%+ accuracy rates in reading handwriting in structured forms. Often to achieve these high recognition rates several read engines are used within the software and each is given elective voting rights to determine the true reading of characters. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. The key element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurones) working in unison to solve specific problems Neural network recognizers learn from an initial image training set. The trained network then makes the character identifications. Each neural network uniquely learns the properties that differentiate training images. It then looks for similar properties in the target image to be identified. Neural networks are quick to setup; however, they can be inaccurate if they learn properties that are not important in the target data. Off-line handwriting recognition involves the automatic conversion of text in an image into letter codes which are usable within computer and text-processing applications. The data obtained by this form is regarded as a static representation of handwriting On-line handwriting recognition involves the automatic conversion of text as it is written on a special digitizer or PDA, where a sensor picks up the pen-tip movements as well as pen-up/pen-down switching. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. The key element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurones) working in unison to solve specific problems.

Freedom of Teenager Essay

On Sep 19, 2012, the polices captured Lindsay Lohan at Dream hotel in New York City. She hit a walker outside hotel even she drove in slow speed. Lindsay Lohan called Lilo is not only a star of US entertainment but also around the world. Watching her movies, the audiences had loved her when she was a little girl. She was successful in her career and took a lot of certified gold. In contrast, recently she is known with lots of scandals such as car accidents, an addicter, and a lesbian with a female collaborator – Sam Ronson. These scandals begin when she was 18 years old. As Lindsay, teenagers in US had actions similarly with her. A large part of teenager community like flowing the dissolute life, and its results are abortion, addiction, gangsters and murder. Due to a wrong education, many teenagers fall out of society. Too much freedom and money are cause to make the perverse life more disseminated in community. Not intervening children’s private life, Parents let them to decide everything by themselves when they are 18 years old. Why? Have their kids enough experiences to decide everything? Especially, the teenagers have sexual relationship as young as a sapling , and its results are considerable . Moreover, the way to educate teenager of some parents might be wrong. They don’t pay attention for kids. No worrying about kids, parents only focus on working and earn money. They are giving them too much money and teaching children how to use wastefully money as soon as they are a kid . Sometime parent doesn’t know whatever their babies are doing even the children aren’t at house in long time because their all the time to be sent for working. All these will cast a big effect in the society which results in immorality. Behiding all these causes bring damage considerably for the life of teenagers. Pregnant and abortion are evidence to easily show us about the dissolute of teenagers. Having sexual relationship early, pregnant at 16 ages they can’t avoid. According Teenpregnancy.org, the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy said that 750,000 teen pregnant. What will happen for young mothers? Drop out the school and the future is a zero. As the result, their mind is declined and cannot focus on studying. A lot of student stops studying and star working to earn money. Day by day, more and more people don’t have knowledge, so what will happen in the world? Worse, becoming gangsters in society, students on the street associating with a gang of youths wasting their precious time, smoking and saying swear words. For example, A student shoot at Ohio school by T.J. lane who is a shooter, and one person died. The society will have more dangers to become where is dangerous for people. When the teenager can’t control themselves and they don’t care whatever people around them think or feel, they will kill or hurt someone. Many murders, violations and stealing usually happen. Every day, Violence of teenager is over 80% on all the US. In short, the consequences of over freedom of teenager are so serious. Both society and their-self will be destroyed soon. Being an owner of the world, teenager must be grown up in the best environment. Good education, a limit interest, and good parent are main factors to make good affections or bad on teenagers. The responsibility is not only belong government but also is parent. So let’s think about what the adult did which affects too much to teenager’s living style. I’m also a teenager and met lots of American family. I think parent pampered children too much, accept whatever kids want. It is not necessary to teenager who needs to be training in paragon of framework. Finally, freedom is a good thing, but everything always has two faces, well and bad, depend on your mind and your heart. â€Å"No fire, no smoke†

10 Traits of a Good Team Member

10 Traits Of A Good Team Member by Naseem Mariam W hat ATTRIBUTES do you look for in a team member? W hat is the mix of attributes, traits, skills, and talents that you should gather into your team? EXCELLENT TECHNICAL, PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE Business projects require professional skills. If it is a shorter project (3 months) you should have a lot of TASK oriented, good technical experts on board; however if the project team is large (more than 8), the duration greater than 6 months then having a few SOCIAL oriented people on board would reduce the interpersonal- communications strain from the project team. GOOD INTERPERSONAL SKILLSEffective interpersonal communication is vital to the smooth functioning of any task team. COMMUNICATION skills — listening, written and oral, telephone, email — are an absolute must for each member. CONFLICT handling, negotiating skills are an added advantage. You need to know that each team member trusts, supports, and has genuine concern for other team members. SHARING, GIVING TENDENCY You want a team member who shares his knowledge and expertise FREELY with team members -shares openly, with honesty and integrity with others regarding personal feelings, opinions, thoughts, and perceptions about problems and conditions.You also want to make sure team members do not engage in one-upmanship. A perfect team member gives of his time, energy and heart to own and SOLVE the problems that arise during the course of the project. RESPECTS AUTHORITY Your aim is a team member who has an aura of AUTHORITY around him — who gains the respect of every team member, and who respects his boss, the Top Management of the organization, and the customers' managers. A good team member consoles and reasons with other team members and RESOLVES complaints of other team members with patience, understanding and empathy.Each person needs to understand and is be committed to team objectives. CARES FOR THE CUSTOMER A desirable team member is polite and courteous to everyone including the customers. He or she has real CONCERN and thinks of both short term and long term benefits from customer's viewpoint. Good team members negotiate well with the customer and the company's top management to ensure less stress and strain for the team. SELF-RELIANT, HAPPY, POSITIVE PERSONYou want a team member who is COMFORTABLE with himself — who respects himself and will not become a sycophant (insincere compliment giver, trying to get into boss' good books insincerely). Good team members are positively charged, full of ENTHUSIASM, and love for their work. They put in an honest day's work and are willing to cheerfully put in a few extra hours whenever the need arises. WELCOMES FEEDBACK A valuable team member encourages feedback on his or her own behavior — then takes the necessary CORRECTIVE and PREVENTIVE actions to ensure harmony, peace and joyful environment for project execution.FINGER ON THE PULSE He has a finger on th e pulse of the teams' feelings and concerns — he helps to fix the conflicts, NEGOTIATES between conflicting parties, and negotiates a win/win ending. This type of team member is aware of what goes on around him, is able to sense danger and steer the te am members onto happy solutions faster. DELIVERING ON COMMITMENTS You want a reliable, DEPENDABLE person who always keeps his promises and commitments.You need someone who informs both the customer and the boss well in advance when things go wrong -who DISCUSSES the issues and concerns and sets new commitments. INTEGRITY, HONESTY AND TRUST W hatever good qualities a person may possess, they are of no use to him or to anyone else when he does not have integrity of character. Integrity is being true to O NESELF, honesty is being true to OTHERS. He should be trust worthy and trust others with his eyes open. He is able to evaluate phonies and insincere people a mile away.

Yahoo Strategic Management Report

Yahoo! : Business on Internet Time Group 2: Aaron Duke Alejandro Reynoso Erin Moon Sophia Benevento February 21, 2012 Dr. Jay Lee GM 105 California State University, Sacramento Executive Summary Yahoo started out as a hobby between two Stanford students, Jerry Yang and David Filo, and turned from a simple website with categorized information to a powerful navigational tool for millions of users. It generated millions in revenue and helped shape the way the modern-day internet is used, both in terms of streaming information and streaming revenue.The U. S. military first used the internet in the 1960s as a way of safeguarding against centralized information. Decades later, it was used as a tool to help researchers share informaiton. In the 1990s, HTML language was created to help read documents easier. Within a few years, browsers, portals, and internet service providers (ISPs), along with the low price and easy access to computers had connected the world and the internet was born.As Y ang and Filo created a way to monetize the traffic created by the popular Yahoo portal, the attractiveness of the Yahoo model helped propel the global reach of the internet, and brought about intense competition, new tools, new models of monetization, and the need for new strategy. When using Porters five forces model to analyze the portal industry’s attractiveness, it is clear that attractiveness is low. The bargaining power of suppliers is high, bargaining power of the buyers is low, threat of new entrants is high, start-up costs cause high barriers to entry, alternative edia allow the threat of substitutes to be high, and the potential for revenue has saturated the industry with competitors. This competitive environment rapidly changed since Yahoo was first created. There was virtually no competition and it was able to quickly secure large market segments. Using a strategy of simplicity, independence and strategic partnerships, Yahoo created a user-friendly point-of-entry for consumers to find information on the internet while making millions of dollars. Yahoo led the portal industry from 1994 to 1998, during which its market capitalization grew to $30 billion.In 1999, the industry began to change further as mergers and acquisitions consolidated power. Media companies, ISPs, browser companies and content providers were merging and acquiring each other in a flurry of moves in order to retain competitive advantage. The strategy of independence that brought Yahoo success needed to be reevaluated. In an environment with such volatile and intense competition, what strategy should Yahoo implement? As leader of the internet portal industry, Yahoo’s position, both in terms of its external environment and internal resources and capabilities, should be exploited in order to bring about above-average returns.Both the Industrial Organization (I/O) and Resource-Based models of above-average returns can be utilized. It shows Yahoo to be in a favorable posit ion and the tools needed to effectively create new partnerships that will secure market share and long term profitability. Further, A SWOT analysis shows that Yahoo has strong brand image and opportunities for strategic partnerships, even though as first-mover in the industry, it lacked a long-term strategy and is threatened by intense competition.The story of Yahoo shows that a company’s strategy must always be evaluated for effectiveness in terms of its current external environment and its internal resources and capabilities. While effective strategy early on may bring about a favorable position in the industry, competitive forces will cause a company to seek out new strategies, new partnerships and new models in order to remain competitive and profitable. Background Jerry Yang and David Filo created the portal Yahoo in April of 1994. It was originally used as a hobby to track web addresses sent to them by friends.They were students at Stanford, but they gave up their educa tion to focus on running Yahoo. Jerry’s Guide to the World Wide Web was created by Yang and Filo as a guide to navigate though the web. These web sites were sorted into a database and thousands of users began to use their service. Yahoo officially became a business on March 5, 1995. They hired Tim Koogle as CEO, as well as a staff of six people which eventually grew. Yahoo’s operations had three separate departments: property development, marketing and sales, and international.Property development focused on production and engineering. Marketing and sales handled corporate marketing, business development, and sales. They also had customized Yahoo pages in 18 countries, which was run by their International departments. Yahoo was located in Silicon Valley, and they offered five main services (properties) to consumers such as navigation, community, personalization, e-commerce, and international. Navigation allowed consumers to find information. Community offered an addres s book, email, chat, and message boards for consumers.Personalization allowed users to personalize their web pages and e-commerce offered shopping and other online sales. International properties were designed for those in different countries and had each country’s language and local content. By 1998, Yahoo had an estimated 100 million connected consumers, 167 million page views per day, and a market value of $30 billion. By 1998, they had an increased revenue for 1. 5 years. Industry Evolution The Internet was first used in the U. S. Military for defense in 1960.In 1986, the National Science Foundation used it for transferring research files and exchanging electronic mail. In 1991, Hyper text markup language (HTML) was created by Tim Berners Lee. This language allowed documents to link to one another through a host computer, and people could view graphics, audio and text. In 1994, the first internet browser was created. This allowed people to view web documents easily. Navig ation sites, called â€Å"portals,† soon followed. Portals had two types of consumers: non-paying users and paying companies that wanted to advertise.Portal companies typically made revenue through advertising, and they often paid for information that would be exclusive to their site, such as news and sports. Click-thrus and referral fees made up a majority of their revenues from consumers, as well as targeted placements. During the 1990s, personal computers began to sell quickly for home use. Computers were sold with modems, software, a browser, and a way to access the internet. The two browsers that were commonly used were Netscape and MSN. Portals could be chosen by the consumer, but they often came included on the computers.Consumers also chose portals based on habit, quality of information, and brand. Access to the internet was usually done through the phone company, and later high-speed broadband was offered through cable providers. Internet usage began to increase at a fast pace and soon there were millions of people using the internet daily in many countries around the world. Industry Attractiveness Using Porter’s five forces model, we conclude that the bargaining power of the content providers varied depending on the relevance of the information.The bargaining power of suppliers of unique information, such as popular real-time news or sports, was high. Some of the portals paid companies a monthly rate up to $50,000 for information. However, that bargaining power of other suppliers of information such as specialized content, which was less crucial to the portal, is moderately high. This could range between $2,500 to $20,000 per month. Nevertheless, some of the smaller content providers would receive free placement in exchange for their information. Overall, the bargaining suppliers of the most important information is very high.Technology and labor were also suppliers. The threat of new entrants to the industry is high. However, the capit al requirements in order for a new entrant to compete is also very high. During the first few years after Yahoo was launched, many other entrants decided to enter the market. There would be even more entrants in the next few years. Yet, most of the companies that compete against Yahoo are not making money, they are actually losing money. There are many substitutes in the industry that users may prefer to use instead of a portal.Portals considered themselves to be media companies and not just a search engine. Some of the substitutes of portals are television, newspapers, movies, magazines, and even other non-portal websites. In addition, the bargaining power of major paying customers, those who want to advertise on the portals, is very high. In spite of this, the bargaining power of small paying customers is moderate. The smallest orders of advertisement were $1000. But all of the deals where typically negotiated. Moreover, the competitive rivalry is very intense. The only two portal s who were making money in 1998 are Yahoo and AOL.However, AOL was not only a portal, it also provided internet access, which provided the majority of their income. Yahoo was the only portal that was not also an ISP and was still profitable. In summary, the overall attractiveness to enter the industry is very low. The industry is saturated with many different types of competitors, and the start up cost for a new entrant is extremely high. Performance and Strategy When Yahoo invented the first internet â€Å"portal,† it also created the internet portal industry There was virtually no competition and it was able to quickly secure large market segments.It had the â€Å"blue ocean† at its feet as it created new demand in an uncontested market. Yahoo saw the value of creating a user-friendly Internet portal before anyone else. By moving quickly and efficiently, Yahoo was able to negotiate, and frequently dictate, pricing with partners which led to large amounts of revenue. Yahoo’s performance has been very effective, resulting in positive revenue gains leading to profitability in 1998. Yahoo chose a strategy based on forming strategic partnerships that simply added value to the company.They decidedly chose not to merge with other companies in order to retain full control of operations. This way, Yahoo executives were able to take full advantage of both its position and revenue streams and reinvest into the company. This would create value-adding â€Å"properties† and services and thus stay ahead of the competition. The strategy that Yahoo implemented proved very successful. This strategy was one of simplicity and independence compared with their other competitors. They had a maintained a business plan that was developed in 1995 and a one-year operating plan that showed their financial goals and top priorities.They did not have a detailed marketing plan. The employees worked in close quarters, although the structure of the firm was hierar chal. Employees worked in cubicles to save costs. Yahoo was the only portal, aside from AOL, to post profits in 1998. AOL’s profits were significantly larger than Yahoo’s due to the fact that they generated large amounts of revenue as an Internet service provider (ISP). By selling access to the internet, AOL gained revenue from both Internet use and access, while Yahoo generated revenue only from internet advertising.In 1998, it seemed that Yahoo was trending toward losing market share to AOL because would have been wise to invest money into becoming an ISP, however as we have seen, the dominant ISPs have become companies like AT&T and MCI, companies that control the means of communication, namely the phone lines and satellites. Yahoo has kept their basic strategy. Yahoo possesses in-house expertise in engineering. All in all, their strategy has been very successful until 1999. Mergers & Acquisitions of Competitors There were many mergers and acquisitions in the portal industry during 1998 and January 1999.Media sites such as Disney and NBC were partnering with portals such as Infoseek and Snap to gain a competitive advantage and market share. Internet service providers were also acquiring portals with the hopes of gaining more consumers and increasing their profits. For example, the service provider @Home acquired Yahoo’s main competitor Excite, while AOL acquired the very popular Netscape. The internet and portal industry was new for the public in the 1990s. Although there were billions of dollars being spent in e-commerce and by advertisers, the portal industry had only a few years of data to compare when creating a new strategy.Many companies relied on analysts’ predictions for revenue, which may not have been accurate. The strategies ranged from ISP’s hosting portals, media company mergers with portals, and portals acquiring numerous smaller businesses. While some of the strategies seemed to make logical sense, the only two portals that created a profit in 1998 were Yahoo and AOL. The problem with many of these acquisitions and mergers was the amount of money that was being spent at the risk of their stakeholders, particularly their capital market stakeholders. For example, @Home paid $6. billion for Excite, but only a few years later, @Home filed for bankruptcy (Source). These internet service providers and portals had a first-mover advantage so they were able to gain a large market share. Increased competition brought about mergers and acquisitions which consolidated power within fewer companies, in hopes of gaining more of a competitive advantage and greater market share. A Strategy Change? Koogle and his team were aware of the intense competition in the external environment and considered it’s options. Though they were successful and profitable, they were unsure of the future.Their strategy was basic and they had used one business plan, which never changed. They were an independent compa ny, unlike some of their competitors. The management at Yahoo should continue observing the market and begin to create a new business and marketing plan. The portal industry is growing and becoming fiercely competitive, and with Yahoo’s main competitor Excite flaunting their slogan, â€Å"Still with the same old Yahoo? † they should consider changing their strategy. Their high stock price has allowed them to hire some of the most skilled engineers. This, along with capital has allowed them the option to either â€Å"make† or â€Å"buy† companies.Partnering with other businesses that have interest in their company such as AT&T, MCI, Time Warner, and News Corporation may be good options. They also have the capital to acquire Geocities, which is another internet portal. They can also negotiate exclusive distribution deals with personal computer makers such as Compaq, Gateway, HP, and IBM in order to secure market share and increase its customer base. Yahoo s hould adjust their strategy because as their competitors continue to partner with other firms, their customers will likely choose to advertise with these larger companies and they risks losing millions in profits.The best option for Yahoo would be to approach News Corporation and negotiate a possible media partnership in the future. This will allow Yahoo to gain more consumers while leaving them with control of the company. It is not wise to sell because Yahoo has an estimated worth of $30 billion, and their rival Excite had just sold for less than $7 billion. (I/O) Model of Above-Average Returns Yahoo invented the internet portal industry. In 1994, the external environment of the industry was void of economies of scale and barriers to market entry.There was no need for diversification or product differentiation, and there were no other firms to compete with. Yahoo had a simple strategy that capitalized on its first-mover advantage, its access to top engineering talent in Silicon Va lley, and its vision that focused on creating a user-friendly entry point for the internet. This simple strategy was sufficient for above-average returns in the early days of the industry, but as the internet evolved and industry competition increased, Yahoo realized it needed to reevaluate their position in the industry in order to continue enjoying the same above-average returns. External Environment: Several mergers and acquisitions had consolidated ISPs, portals, media companies, and content providers. Yahoo had was the only portal not in talks with a major partner. †¢ Attractive Industry: Yahoo is still the largest portal in the industry. This position makes the industry attractive, however the growing competition makes the position unsecure. †¢ Strategy Formulation: Yahoo can no longer survive on its own. Its partnership with telecommunication giant AT&T is losing strength as AT&T looks to provide customers with web content, no longer needing the content provided by Yahoo.Yahoo needs to partner with traditional media companies, secure more distribution deals with computer companies, improve technologies that would enhance the speed and usability of their search engine. †¢ Assets and Skills: Yahoo has a reputation for independence and tough negotiations. Moving forward, executives will need to be able to build and maintain relationships with potential partners. Yahoo currently has access to the top engineering and management talent in Silicon Valley. Strategy Implementation: Meet with executives from telecommunication, traditional media, and personal computer companies with the goal of creating exclusive partnerships. This will boost brand recognition, increase customer base, increase market share and profitability. Building and maintaining these relationships will lead to future growth. Resource-Based Model of Above-Average Returns It was necessary for Yahoo to also evaluate their internal environment. Resources and capabilities were essen tial for the success of the company, as well as a competitive advantage, strategy formulation and implementation, and an attractive industry. Resources: Yahoo has the top engineering and management talent in Silicon Valley. It has a popular product with a loyal customer base. It has financial resources, a market capitalization valued at $30 billion. †¢ Capabilities: Yahoo was able to secure the position of industry leader, secure distribution deals and valuable partnerships, and create an internet portal that customers widely valued over the competition. †¢ Competitive Advantage: Internally, Yahoo’s resources and capabilities exceeds that of its competitors.Superior talent, better vision of what a portal should offer, and effective execution all contributed to Yahoo’s early success. However it needs to combine its resources and capabilities through strategic partnerships in order to maintain its competitive advantage. †¢ Attractive Industry: As the leade r in the internet portal industry, Yahoo executives can exploit opportunities to merge or form partnerships with any number of major industry companies. †¢ Strategy Formulation and Implementation: Yahoo’s early success is attributed to its executives utilizing its talent, industry position, partnerships and financial resources.Management needs to direct these resources and capabilities toward strategic partnerships with traditional media and personal computer companies in order to create value-adding partnerships, boost brand recognition, increase customer base, and increase market share and profitability. Building and maintaining these relationships will lead to future growth. The use of both the I/O model and the Resource Based Model are crucial for Yahoo to analyze and use as they formulate their strategy for earning high profits. SWOT Analysis When analyzing Yahoo, it is clear that they have many strengths.One of their main strengths is their strong brand image compa red to their competition. Yahoo is currently the second biggest business in the industry both in the United States and globally after Google. Also, Yahoo was the first business to enter into this new industry, with it’s portals, commonly known as search engines now. In addition, Yahoo built many strategic partnerships. These strategic partnerships were negotiated by the business development staff at Yahoo. One example of a strong strategic partnership was teaming up wit AT&T in order to combine Yahoo! s services with access to the Internet. Yahoo also had a few weaknesses. Yahoo was lacking a long-term strategy, and their unwillingness to embrace the changes in the industry. They also did not offer Internet access like other portals such as AOL and MSN. The company had many opportunities. For instance, they had the opportunity to do strategic acquisitions or partnerships with other companies in order to ensure that their leadership will not be taken away by other companies th at were involved in mergers and acquisitions. Additionally, Yahoo had the opportunity of the growing online advertising market.Expenditures for online advertising grew from $0 in 1994 to $2 billion in 1998, and they were expected to keep growing exponentially. A third opportunity that Yahoo had is to keep expanding to more countries. Yahoo had international properties in 18 countries, but there are many other countries where Yahoo can keep expanding. The threats that Yahoo was facing were the very intense competition and government regulations. As the Internet industry evolved, regulations became more strict and the government becomes more involved. References Cnet. Feb-21-2011. http://news. cnet. com/2100-1033-273689. html

Consensual Relationship Agreement Essay

Abstract As companies begin to acknowledge the existence of work place romances, the use of consensual relationship agreements (CRAs) has become an area of discussion. While many of today’s organizations prohibit the romantic involvement of its employees with one another, there are other companies that have adopted the use of consensual relationship agreements. Although employers find the CRAs an easy solution to this situation, the employees romantically involved, employees are against the agreement, arguing that the contract is intrusive in their personal lives. They go further on their arguments, stating that the agreement is an invasion of their privacy, and that the document goes against some ethical principles. From the Human Resources professionals perspective, they will try their best to make sure employees and employer agree with the contract and are happy with the situation, so a negative influence do not impact other coworkers, and their performances will not affect their jo bs. 1. Critics of CRAs assert that they are too intrusive, ineffective, and unnecessary and that they can cause as many problems as they solve. Identify the specific reasons and examples that might justify these criticisms. Critics are relying on the concern-for-others principles that focus on â€Å"the need to consider decisions and behaviors from the perspective of those affected†, which in this case, are the employees who sign the Consensual Relationship Agreements. Employees who are romantically involved at work and are asked to sign the agreement, may consider getting into their personal life too intrusive. Informing an employer of a relationship should be a decision made based by both parties involved, and not imposed. CRAs can be ineffective because even after signing the agreement, an employee may be discontent with the invasion of privacy, and according to the Human Resource Management, on their Workplace Romance Poll conducted in 2009, they found that: â€Å" Our experi ence was if a company tried to forbid it, more people started dating for the thrill of it† (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011). With that in mind, when employees romantically involved disagree with the policies of the contract, they will tend to act against the agreement’s policies. In order to avoid a break of the agreement, the policy must clearly identify who is protected, and explain that the contract works in favor of all three parties involved. Some human resources managers also argue that even with the terms in the contract being clearly and rigorous, that will not make the couple act professionally while at work and many other effects of workplace romance, and therefore, they classify as ineffective. The contracts become unwanted for instance, when employees disagree with such policy. They do not want to be excessively monitored. If an employee feels that the CRAs are too restrictive and that he/she is being treated unfairly, problems in morale, motivation, and productivity are likely to occur. In order to keep productivity and avoid a hostile work environment, the use of the agreement is not essential, as long as the rules of conduct in the workplace are specified. 2. How would you assess the ethical intensity of CRAs from the perspective of the employer? From the perspective of the employees in a consensual relationship? From the prospective of the employer, the CRAs are very necessary. Because on the job relationships are very likely to happen, it is good to have a policy in place to address issues that may possibly arise from on the job relationships. The agreement also protects the company from being sued by employees because of sexual harassment or favoritism, and creates a clearly understanding of properly professional workplace behavior expected, in order to maintain a good working environment for all. According to an article written in the May 2010 issue of Ceridian Connection â€Å"Any work environment presents the opportunity for individuals with similar interest to develop a relationship that is more than friendly.† The article goes on to say that according to a 2009 survey conducted by CareerBuilder.com, 40 percent of respond ents indicated that they have dated coworkers; and 18 percent said they have been involved in two or more workplace romances. Because is inevitable the romance in the workplace, many HR professionals try to balance interests for both parties involved: â€Å"Most employers realize that it’s unwise to try and ban all office romances. However, they are very interested in preventing these relationships from having a negative impact on the workplace† (Jones, May 2011). From the prospective of the employee, signing an agreement based on their personal relationship with a co-worker may be intrusive and often times, they prefer to keep the relationship private. Sometimes when employees sign the CRA they have the impression of their superiors and co-workers keeping an extra eyes on them to insure that they are not breaking the policy. That in the end could distract the employee from performing the job to their best ability and reflect on his/her overall performance. 3. What specific ethical principles might be used to justify the use of CRAs? Explain. The principles used to justify the use of CRA would be Organization Interest Principle and the Professional Standards Principle. The Organization Interested Principle is based on â€Å"you act on basis of what is good for the organization† (Hellriegel & Slocum 2011). This principle is used on this situation where the employer foresee a possible issue and impose a policy (CRA) to prevent that issue from affecting the company. This can save time, money, and problems in the long run. The ethical dilemma for CRAs revolves around the ethical principle of Professional Standards Principle, where the employer is balancing the rights of the individual and the needs and rights of the other employees. Most employers want to ensure a reasonable degree of employee privacy; however, there is wide consensus that employers must protect against the actions of employees who send harassing e-mails, disclose personal information, or spend too much time surfing the Internet for personal use. Therefore, the CRA in this case, is used to discuss properly professional workplace behavior, to remind employees that they do not have a legal right of privacy according to the no-harassment policy, and also reduce the risk of harassment litigation. 4. What ethical principles might be used by employees in consensual relationships to oppose signing such an agreement? Explain. The â€Å"Hedonist Principle† and the â€Å"Golden Rule Principle† could be used as a counter argument by the employees that are against the CRAs, because it would foster feelings of injustice for the employees in consensual relationships. The Hedonist Principle is based on â€Å" You do whatever is in your own self-interest† (Hellriegel & Slocum 2011). The employees involved in this situation can complain that the employee is only implanting the agreement because of fear of being sued, and not taking in consideration their personal lives. Furthermore, they can argue using the principle that the employer is acting only for his benefit and that they feel the CRAs are excessive, intrusive and unfair. Using the same perspective, the Golden Rule Principle, which consists in â€Å" You act on the basis of placing yourself in the position of someone affected by the decision and try to determine how that person would feel† (Hellriegel & Slocum 2011), can justify that the employer is misjudging their ethical work based on the feel that dating has nothing to do with the quality of an employee’s work and that job security and advancement should be based on the work itself. According to Randy Sutton on his publication Regulating Workplace Romances, â€Å"Any â€Å"no dating† policy must also consider whether the policy will disadvantage certain employees†, so the employees involved have no negative impact on their career. 5. Do you personally favor or oppose the use CRAs in the workplace? Explain. In my opinion, the use of Consensual Relationship Agreements in the workplace is very necessary and effective. As stated in the case, office romance is bound to take place if you put individuals together in a 40 plus hours per week. Nearly half of some employees reported that they didn’t know if their company had a policy on office romances. I think every employee should act in a professional manner, but unfortunately, a company cannot rely on the hope that they will. A Consensual Relationship Agreement is an agreement between both the employee and management that provides that the employee will not allow the relationship to interfere with or impact the work environment. This agreement also confirms and documents that the relationship is consensual and voluntary. All employees need to have a clear understanding of harassment. If the CRA is done correctly, the document will protect all parties involved of future accusations of sexual harassment, favoritism or unfairness. Mark Gomsak in his publication suggests that the company take the following procedures: implement company-wide policies for romance in the workplace, Forbid Romance Between Boss and Subordinate, apply the so called love contracts, and avoid favoritism (January 2011). From the prospective of the employees romantically involved, they may find a little intrusive in their personal lives, but on the other hand, if the relationship comes to an end, the agreement will secure that they have acted according to the policy and not letting their personal lives interfere in the workplace. Therefore, if the employees act ethically, even when they have a romance in the workplace, then the agreement would not be a problem, it would only prove that the employee is capable of being honest and ethical despite their outside lives, and that work comes in first. The companies would be secure with the document, and the romance would not have any impact to any parties involved. References: Gomsak, Mark J. (2011, January 11). Office romances: How employers can avoid the sting of cupid’s arrow. The Metro Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved from http://www.greaterlouisville.com Hellriegel, D., & Slocum, J. W., Jr. (2011). Organizational behavior: 2011 custom edition (13th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Jones, L. (2011, May 23). The love contract debate – Employers may want to regulate your romance. Higher education and career blog. Retrieved from http://www.kelloggforum.org No longer a secret: Tools to cope with workplace romances. (2010, May).Ceridian Connection. Retrieved from HR Compliance database. Sutton, R. (2009). Regulating work place romances. Saalfeld Griggs Pc. Retrieved from http://www.sglaw.com

Economics Assigment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics Assigment - Essay Example Indeed, it should also be pointed out that Chinese did not focus, especially, on differentiation, innovation and process development that are essentials of technological superiority. In addition, China’s biggest mistake was its failure to understand why technology is foremost for economy and how it contributes to economic growth and sustainable development. Part 2 Acemoglu and Robinson (2008) have thrown light over the importance of institutions and the impact of economic institutions on the prosperity of a nation. Nevertheless, the authors argue that the economic institutions become stronger when harmony exists among political forces and institutions. In other words, political certainty averts the possibility of law and order crises, thereby creating a peaceful business environment for economic actors. Hence, the stronger the economic institutions, the better the policies devised for economic growth. Indeed, the policy-makers pay greater attention to provide trade incentives, to bring Foreign Direct Incentives, to initiate human resource development programmes and to promote technological development for enhancing organisational productivity and ensuring economies of scale (mass production). For instance, the authors’ main argument is that the economic institutions are the actual difference between 2 nations because a nation with strong institutions becomes developed, whereas a nation with weak institutions remains poor and technologically backward. Part 3 As far as the differences between articles written by Landes (2006) and Acemoglu and Robinson (2008) are concerned, it should be pointed out that Landes (2006) is more concerned with the underlying reasons that contributed to China’s technological failure in comparison to developed Western nations, which have become technologically superior due to their proactive and innovation centred approaches. China ruled out the possibility of implementing capitalism; therefore failed to reinforce c ompetition among entities. Next, China also disregarded to adopt some pertinent western values thus remained technologically backward in past, whereas West flourished at a phenomenal rate. Acemoglu and Robinson (2008) are more concerned with institutionalism as they argue that economic institutions and policy – makers play their vital role in economic well-being of a country because they take into consideration economy as a whole and formulate strategies that benefit economic actors in a society in general. Economics Assignment 2 Part 1 The article â€Å"Why Europe and the West? Why Not China?† has been composed by David Landes in which he has presented his arguments regarding the technological advancement of West and Europe and the reasons behind China’s failure in competing with Western economies. Landes (2006) highlighted that the western nations have always focused on developing their educational institutions so that they could establish a strong base for Re search & Development activities. Nevertheless, the Western and European countries were aware of importance of technology and the benefits they could obtain in terms of economic efficiency and sustainability. On the other hand, China lacked these valued as well as failed to thrive by acknowledging western achievements, capitalist values and technological knowledge base. Another major argument raised by Landes

Unionized organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unionized organization - Essay Example The benefits of the union because of having a union are that the organization does not have to face unnecessary threats from the employees in cases of termination of services. This is because of the presence of a written agreement between the organization and the union declaring and clearly stating the terms of service. As a result, in cases of violation of the terms of service by the employee, the postal organization has every right to terminate the individual without fear of rebuttal by the union. In addition, the postal corporation stands to gain by setting the standards of work that the employees have to follow failure to which the employee can be terminated without threats and repercussions for the organization. The union also sets a clear guideline for the postal corporation on what is expected of it under any situation relating to its employees starting from the medical benefits to the leave that employees are entitled. With this is in mind the post corporation has improved pl anning strategies in that nothing catches it off guard. This is as see in cases of covering retirement benefits and disciplinary issues. The post office also gains substantially by having disciplinary issues handled by the workers’ union in that their agreement stipulates disciplinary measures. In such cases, the organization is free from liability as it only follows the terms of the agreement by applying corrective measures and not punitive; punitive measures are left for severe cases (APWU 107). The union bargains in a number of ways to ensure that the needs of the members are met at all times, which include dialogue and other drastic means. One such means is through strikes, which is a right of every worker should the organization fail to meet the terms that are agreed on in the union contract (APWU).However, this means is a drastic one and only applies in cases where contract negotiations do end in an agreement.

Personal Responsibility for College Success after 50 Essay

Personal Responsibility for College Success after 50 - Essay Example Despite the many forms of academic support, personal responsibility plays a significant role in college success. Most emphasis lies on out of class work and studying. With pending duties other than education, one needs to utilize time efficiently (Blerkom, 2008). Students need to organize their time and activities properly in order to accomplish their objectives. One needs to set their priorities first in order to enhance both the mission and vision, after joining university (Groccia, 1992). Time management should also apply in the professional and social life of a student in order to ensure that one has enough time for family and work, which are also important. As mentioned earlier, university schedules vary from high school schedules. Universities lack a rigid timetable; therefore, management of time poses as a great challenge. The student benefits from organizational tools such as a timetable, calendar, folder and personal timetable. On the other hand, signing up for evening classes or weekend classes assist in time management. Sometimes the absence in class is inevitable, but one has to catch up and update their notes to avoid any backlog. Elderly students face a great challenge in college. With time as the greatest enemy, proper time management assists in prompt achievement of goals. Additionally, setting one’s priorities allows easy achievement of target objectives, which involves getting good grades and utter

An analysis of an aspect of human culture from an anthropological Essay

An analysis of an aspect of human culture from an anthropological viewpoint - Essay Example It has further fostered the subordination of poor and developing nations by the rich and developed nations of the western world. This has lead to an environmental degradation and is regarded as a serious threat to non – western indigenous cultures and economies. This article further argues that the Western countries has set up international bodies like IMF, World Bank, United Nations and other donor agencies to control all major economic and political affairs prevailing in the rest of the world. This papers approaches this issue from the holistic and anthropological perspective which surrounds the economic and non – economic factors at the same time. Let us refer to the works of the famous economist and anthropologist Karl Marx. This great thinker anticipated disturbances and imbalances associated with the unfettered expansion of the global capital. According to Marx, societies go from simple to complex in a number of steps. The pre – historic human culture of th e Aborigines was at a lower evolutionary stage than the Western – European civilization. Similarly, during the cold war between communism and capitalism, the two opposite developing strategies were some form of Central planning and Western economics. Here, the Western developed economic nations with their capitalist approach managed to destroy the so called communist approach which were prevalent in the then U.S.S.R.